优短文提供的初中英语知识点总结(精选4篇),经过用心整理,希望能对您有所帮助。
初中英语知识点总结 篇1
一、陈述句:
陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降调,句末用句号“.”。
Tom has a new car.汤姆有辆新车。
The flower isn’t beautiful.这花不美。
二、陈述句否定式的构成
1.如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.他正在弹吉他。(肯定)
He is not playing the guitar.他不在弹吉他。(否定)
We can get there before dark.天黑前我们能够到达那里。(肯定)
We can’t get thee before dark.天黑前我们不能到达那里。(否定)
2.如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t,doesn’t或didn’t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。
He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好。(肯定)
He doesn’t play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好。(否定)
She won the game.她赢得了比赛。588.es(肯定)
She didn’t win the game.她没赢比赛。(否定)
三、祈使句:
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“!”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。
1.肯定的祈使句:
(1)祈使句主语是you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。
Be quiet.请安静。
You be quiet!你给我安静点!
(2)“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用。
Do come back at once!务必立即返回!
Do be careful.务必小心。
(3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但please用在句末时,必须用逗号与其余部分分开。
Open the window,please.请打开窗户。
(4)Let引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。
Let Jack wait a minute.让杰克等一会。
Let’s go to school.我们上学去吧。
(5)在祈使句中,Let’s和Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者,而Let us不包括说话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。
Let’s go skating,shall we?咱们去溜冰吧,好吗?(表示内部的建议)
Let us try again,will you?让我们再试一次,好吗?(表示向别人发出请求)
一、一般疑问句:
(1)一般疑问句的肯定形式
一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have(有)开始,通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调。
Do you know Mr.Smith?你认识史密斯先生吗?
Can you swim?你会游泳吗?
(2)一般疑问句的否定结构
①在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n’t,则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be,have,助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中,一般都采用简略式。
②与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的,则用yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定的,则用no加否定结构。
Aren’t you a football fan?你不是足球迷吗?
Yes,I am.是的,我是。
No,I am not.不,我不是。
Won’t she like it?她会不喜欢吗?
Yes,she will.是的,她会(喜欢)的。
No,she won’t.不,她不会(喜欢)的。
二、特殊疑问句
用疑问代词疑问形容词或疑问副词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,读时用降调。588.es
常见的疑问代词有what,which,who,whom,whose
常见的疑问形容词有what,which,whose
常见的疑问副词有when,where,why,how
三,选择疑问句:
选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接,or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。
选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。
Is your bag yellow or black?It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee?Either will do.。
Which do you like better,singing or dancing?I like dancing better.
四,反意疑问句:
反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句,问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。
(1)肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。
I am your teacher,aren’t I?我是你的老师,对吗?
He didn’t study hard,did he?他学习不努力,对吗?
(2)如果陈述句中含有否定副词never(从不,决不),hardly(几乎不)或其他表示否定代词或形容词,如nothing,none no one,nobody,neither,few,little等,则附加问句只能用肯定式。如:
They hardly write to each other,do they?他们几乎不给对方写信,是吗?
He has found nothing,has he?他什么也没有找到,是吗?
Few people knew the secret,did they?很少有人知道这个秘密,是吗?
(3)当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况,若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”,答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”,而译成汉语时,则必须把yes译“不是”,把no译成“是的”。
You won’t be away for long,will you?你不会离开太久,是吗?
Yes,I will.不,我会离开很久。No,I won’t.是的,我不会离开很久。
I don’t think she’ll come by bike,will she?我认为她不会骑自行车,会吗?
Yes,she will.不,她会骑自行车来。No,she won’t.是的,她不会骑自行车来。
五,掌握由what,how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“!”,读时用降调,感叹句往往由what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词。
1.what引导的感叹句:
(1)what+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What a beautiful city it is!多么美丽的一个城市啊!
What an interesting story she told!她讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊!
(2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What expensive watches they are!多贵的手表啊!
What terrible weather it is!多么恶劣的天气啊!
2.How引导的感叹句:
(1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How cold it is!多冷啊!
How hard he works!他工作多么努力啊!
(2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How he loves his son!他多么爱他的儿子啊!
How I miss you!我多想你啊!
(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How tall a tree it is!多么高的一棵树啊!
How they cried!他们哭得多伤心啊!
(一)掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配
(1)时间状语从句:
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when(当……时候),while(当,在……过程中),since(自从……以来),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),tell/until(直到……时),as soon as(一……就)。如果主句为一般将来时,则时间状语从句只能用一般现在时表示将来的意义。
He was reading the newspaper when I came in.当我进来时,他正在读报纸。
Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在时,请照看一下我的猫。
Don’t talk so loud while others are studying.别人学习时不要大声说话。
It has been five years since she went abroad.她出国已有五年了。
He died before his son came back.他在他儿子回来之前就去世了。
I’ll show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到达我就领他参观我们的工厂。
I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see him.我一见到他就告诉他。
(2)条件状语从句:引导条件状语从句的从属连词是if(如果)。如果主句是一般将来时,条件状语从句只能用一般现在时。
If you stay at home,I’ll go.如果你呆在家里,我就走。
If we don’t get up early,we won’t catch the train.如果我们不早起,我们就赶不上火车。
(二)掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应
(1)宾语从句的语序:
宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。尤其是在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时必须特别注意:
当宾语从句原为陈述句时,用that引导,语序不变。(注意时态的一致)
Tom isn’t a good student.The teacher told us…→
The teacher told us Tom wasn’t a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。
He has given up smoking.She said…→
She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。
当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时,用whether或if连接,语序变为陈述语序。
Is Jim a doctor?I wonder…→
I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。
Does she dance well?Can you tell me…→
Can you tell me if she dances well?你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗?
当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词即为连接词,语序变为陈述语序。
She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。
She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。
(2)宾语从句的时态:
宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。
如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时,现在进行时和现在完成时),宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。
I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已经来了。(现在完成时)
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会。(一般将来时)
I don’t know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。(现在进行时)
I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。
如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态(即一般过去时,过去将来时,过去进行时或过去完成时等)
He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。(过去将来时)
She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了。(过去完成时)
Mary was wondering who could answer the question.
玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。(一般过去时)
I didn’t told them where you were having the meeting.
我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。(过去进行时)
如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等,则不管这句是何种时态,从句一律用一般现在时。
Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。
She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。
(三)了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法
(1)定语在句中是用来修饰名词或代词的,一般由形容词或与之相当的其它词类来充当。如果起修饰作用的是一个句子的时候,就叫作定语从句。但定语从句不是象形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词。588.es
(2)定语从句的引导词有关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why,how。
1.that的先行词可以是人也可以是物。
A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种会飞的机器。
I like the book(that)you lent me yesterday.我喜欢你昨天借给我的那本书。
2.which的先行词只能是物。
The book shop is a shop which sells book.书店是销售书的商店。
The book(which)I read last night was wonderful.我昨晚看的那本书很精彩。
3.who在定语从句中作主语;whom是who的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语;而whose则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语。
The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend
昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。
Whos that woman(whom)you just talked to?
你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?
This is our classmate,Mary,whose home is not far from our school.
这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远。
4.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.那是我们曾经住了十年的房子。
=That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
(3)除关系代词外,还有关系副词when,where,why等也能引导定语从句。
1.when用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall
我永远也不会忘记我第一次到达长城的那天。
2.where则指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
This is the house where the old man lives.这就是那位老人住的房子。
3.why用来指原因,作原因状语。
That’s the reason why he didn’t come yesterday.那就是他昨天为什么没有来的原因。
初中英语知识点总结 篇2
1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
初中英语知识点总结 篇3
1、时间状语从句:引导时间状语从句的连词有when/while/as/as soon as/until/not…untill/before/after/since等。
例如:
When you leave,please take a raincoat with you.
As soon as she got home,she began to make dinner.
注意:
(1)while意为“当…期间”,从句中的谓语动词一般用进行时态。
例如:
Take notes while you are listening to the teacher.
(2)while侧重主句中谓语动词表示的动作或存在的状态与从句谓语动词所表示的动作或存在的状态的对比,常译为“而”。
例如:
He is a worker while I am a student.
(3)not…until,直到……才,主句谓语动词必须是非持续性动词而且主句是否定式,从句为肯定式。
例如:
He did not go to bed until his mother came.
(4)在时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来时间。
例如:
Mr smith will telephone you when he returns.
2、原因状语从句:引导原因状语从句的连词有:because/as/since等。
例如:
His sister is in bed because she is ill.
注意:含原因状语从句的复合句,有时可以转换为用so连接的并列句,故because和so不能同时出现在一个句子中。
例如:
He did not come here because he was busy.
He was busy,so he did not come here.
3、地点状语从句:引导地点状语从句的连词有where或wherever.
例如:
Where there is no air or water,noboday can live.
4、条件状语从句:引导条件状语从句的连词有if/unless等。
(1)在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中,主句谓语部分通常含有will/shall或情态动词,从句用一般现在时表示将来时态。
例如:
We will go for a picnic if it dose not rain tomorrow.
(2)if……not常译作“如果不…”,相当于unless,unless含有否定意义,译作“假如不”,“除非”。
例如:
例如:
You will fail if you do not work hard.
You will fail unless you work hard.
(3)用if改写“祈使句+and+简单句”这一句子结构中的祈使句时,要在祈使句前加if you,并去掉并列连词and.
例如:
Study hard,and you will catch up with us.
If you study hard,you will catch up with us.
(4)用if……not改写“祈使句+or+简单句”这一结构中的祈使句时,要变祈使句为否定的条件状语从句,并去掉or.
例如:
Hurry,or you won′t catch the bus.
If you study hard ,you will catch up with us.
5、目的和结构状语从句:引导目的状语从句的连词有so that;引导结果状语从句的'连词有so …that…,such…that….
(1)so是副词,修饰形容词或副词。
So +adj/adv+that
例如:the shoes are so small that I can not wear them.
(2)such是形容词,修饰名词。
Such+a/an+adj+n(可数名词单数)+that…
Such+adj+n(不可数名词单数,可数名词复数)+that…
例如:
She is such a lovely girl that we all like her.可改为:she is so lovely a girl that we all like her.
(3)如果名词前是表示多少的many/much/few/little等词时要用so.
例如:
I have so much money that we all like her.
(4)so …that的主从复合句在转换为简单句时,可选用下列四种结构。
Too…to do sth too…for sb to do
…enough to do sth enough for sb to do
例如:
Tom is so young that he can not join the army.
Tom is too young to join the army./tom is not old enough to jion the army.
The milk is so cool that we can drink it.
The milk is cool enough for us to drink.
6、比较状语从句:引导比较状语从句的连词有as…as,than等。
(1)表示甲乙在某一个方面相同时,用as+形容词/副词原级+as结构,表示甲在某一个方面不如乙时,用“not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”结构。
例如:
John is as clever as tom.
He dose not run as/so fast as you .
(2)表示甲程度高于乙时,用“形容词、副词的比较级+than引导的”从句结构。
He si taller than I .
(3)两个比较对象要对等,即“应是句子中的同等成分进行比较”。
例如:
The weather in south is always hotter than that in north.
7、让步状语从句:引导让步状语从句的连词有though,although等。
例如:
They kept working on the farm though it was raining hard.=it was raining hard,but they kept working on the farm.
注意:though/although不能与并列连词but同时出现在一个句子中。
初中英语知识点总结 篇4
一,表示并列关系的连词有:
and,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,not only…but also,as well as
1.and“和,并且”,连接对等的词句。(在否定句中要用or连接。)
I like physics and chemistry.我喜欢物理和化学。
I don’t like physics or chemistry.我不喜欢物理和化学。
2.both…and“……和……都”
Both Jim and Mary went to the cinema yesterday.昨天吉姆和玛丽都去看电影了。
Exercise is good both for body and for mind.运动有益于身心。
3.neither…nor两者皆不
He neither smokes nor drinks.他既不抽烟又不喝酒。
I like neither swimming nor skating.我既不喜欢游泳,又不喜欢溜冰。
4.either…or不是…就是…,或者…或者….。
Either you come to the office now,or wait for me at home.
你要么现在到办公室来,要么就在家等着。
Either he or I will leave.不是他就是我将要离开。
5.not only…but(also)不但……而且……(not only…but also中的also可以省略。)
Not only she but also I am wrong.不但她错了,我也错了。
He not only made a promise,but kept it.他不仅许诺,而且做到了。
6.as well as也、又
We will rescue Henry as well as you.除了你,我们还要营救亨利。
He likes basketball as well as football.除了足球,他还喜欢篮球。
二、常用的从属连词:
(一)引导时间状语从句的连词有:when,while,since,until,after,before,as soon as
1.when当……时
When we got there,the meeting had begun.我们到时,会议已经开始了。
It was raining when she arrived at the station.她到达车站时,正在下雨。588.es
2.while正当……时,正在……时。(while引导的从句中,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,且常常用进行时。
Don’t make any noise while others are reading.别人读书时不要制造噪音。
She sang while she was walking.她边走边唱。
3.since自从
It’s just a month since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚好一月了。
My mother has been ill since I left home.自从我离开家我妈妈就一直生病。
4.until直到……为止
Until you told me,I knew nothing at all about it.在我告诉我之前,我对此之外无所知。
He didn’t appear until the meeting had begun.直到会议开始他才露面。
5.before在……之前
after在……之后
I’ll phone you after I arrive.我到达之后给你打电话。
Say goodbye before you go.你走之前要说再见。
6.as soon as一……就
I’ll visit you as soon as I come back.我一回来就去拜访你。
Please tell him as soon as you see him.你一看见他就请告诉他。
(二)引导原因状语从句的连词:because,since,as,for,now that
1.because因为(because与so不能并用。)
I can’t believe in him because he isn’t honest.我不能信任他,因为他不诚实。
She didn’t come because she didn’t know it.她没有来,因为她不知道。
2.since既然
Since he says so,it must be true.既然他这么说,那一定是真的。
Since you ask,I will tell you.你既然问,我就告诉你。
3.as因为,由于
As we are hungry,let’s have supper.由于大家饿了,我们就吃晚饭吧。
Mother began to worry about my brother as it was getting dark.
由于天越来越黑,妈妈开始为哥哥着急。
4.for因为
We cant go for it is raining.我们不能走,因为正在下雨。
I enjoyed myself at the party for I knew all the guests well.
我在晚会上玩得很尽兴,因为所有的个人我都很熟悉。
5.now that既然
Now that he is unhappy,let’s leave him alone.既然他不高兴,我们就让他自己呆着吧。
Now that she feels sorry,please forgive her.既然她很后悔,就请原谅她吧。
(三)引导结果状语从句:so…that,such…that
1.so…that如此……以致
She is so tired that he can’t go any further.她太累了,不能再走了。
She is so big a cat that she can’t get into the hole.这猫太大了钻不进这洞。
2.such…that如此……以致
It’s such a beautiful place that I wouldn’t come back.这地方太美了,令我留恋返。
It’s such a fine day that many people go to the park for fun.
天气这么好,许多人都到公园里来玩乐。
(四)引导目的状语从句的连词:so that,in order that以便
They hurried so that they can get there on time.他们加快了速度,为的是能够按时到达。
I hired a boat in order that I can go fishing.为了去钓鱼,我租了条小船。
(五)引导比较状语从句的`连词:than,as…as
He is taller than his brother.他比他兄弟高。
She could draw as well as her teacher.她能画得跟她的老师一样好。
(六)引导让步状语从句的连词:though,although(though与although的用法基本一样)
Although it rained hard,he still went out.尽管雨下得很大,他还是出去了。
Even though I have enough time,I don’t want to go there with him.
尽管我有时间,可我并不想跟他去那。
